Impact of impurities on water electrolysis: a review

A comprehensive critical review of impurities on water electrolysis across PEM, alkaline, and anion exchange membrane systems — covering impurity sources, degradation mechanisms, characterisation techniques, and mitigation strategies.

How to Minimise Hydrogen Evolution on Carbon Based Materials?

Screening seven commercial carbons by EC-MS shows metal impurity content drives hydrogen evolution on carbon based materials, with the cleanest carbons giving the lowest HER rates — key for CO₂ reduction, battery, and supercapacitor design.